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Autism and epilepsy are two phenomena that originate in the brain. Although they are different, they still occur together strikingly often. Research shows that about one in five autistic people also develop epilepsy at some point in their lives. That is much more common than in people who are not autistic. Conversely, many people with epilepsy also show autistic traits or even have a formal diagnosis. Why is it that these two seemingly different phenomena so often go hand in hand?
Autism and epilepsy
Both autism and epilepsy originate from differences in how the brain develops and functions, but their expression differs significantly:
- Autism spectrum condition mainly concerns how someone communicates, experiences social contact, and processes information.
- Epilepsy manifests itself in the form of seizures that arise from sudden electrical activity in the brain.
From the outside, the conditions may appear very different, but scientists see similarities at their core.
Balance in the brain
The brain needs a balance between signals that activate and signals that inhibit. In both autism and epilepsy, that balance can be disturbed.
Their shared basis often lies in hereditary factors, such as the genetic disorder tuberous sclerosis, in which the risk of developing autism or epilepsy is increased. In addition, genetic variations have been found in both cases that can disrupt the balance between activation and inhibition in the brain.
During pregnancy and early childhood, brain circuits are formed for which this balance is crucial. Disturbances in that process can result in the development of a brain that is out of balance, which may express itself in the form of autistic traits and/or epilepsy.
What does this mean in daily life?
Living with both autism and epilepsy can present extra challenges. Epileptic seizures sometimes make it difficult to learn and act independently, which can harm self-confidence. Combined with autism, this can bring additional difficulties. For example, autistic traits—such as sensitivity to stimuli or a need for structure—can make coping with epilepsy even more complicated.
For epilepsy, medication is available. These can greatly reduce symptoms, but they can come with risks of unpleasant side effects affecting energy, mood, and behavior. For someone who is already navigating the world as an autistic individual, these side effects can weigh even more heavily. Knowledge of such combined challenges underscores the importance of tailoring care and support to the individual situation.
The importance of collaboration
The best care is possible when different people and disciplines work together. Families, friends, neurologists, therapists, and teachers all play a role. It is not only about reducing seizures but also about supporting communication, daily skills, and overall well-being.
In addition, community support can make a big difference. Personal stories and online groups help people feel less alone and provide practical tips from others facing similar challenges.
Conclusions
The connection between epilepsy and autism teaches us a lot about the biological processes underlying both and shows how complex and multifaceted our brains are. These insights highlight that neurodiversity is not only about challenges but also about the many ways in which a brain can function. The shared roots of autism and epilepsy do not make any situation less unique, but they do enrich our understanding. With that understanding, the right care and support can be offered so that people with both diagnoses can lead a pleasant, rich, and meaningful life.
And perhaps that is the most important message: every brain has its own melody — and together we form the symphony.
Credits
Author: Lucas Geelen
Buddy: Wieger Scheurer
Editor: Natalie Nielsen
Translation: Xuanwei Li
Editor Translation: Helena Olraun
Image by Logan Voss via Unsplash
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