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Few characters in literature and film show the decline in addiction and obsession as vividly as Gollum from The Lord of the Rings. Originally, this hobbit-like creature went through life as Sméagol. But because of his fixation on that One ring, his mind and body were gradually consumed and he transformed into Gollum. His transformation is a dramatic display of addiction, compulsive behavior, and shows the psychological impact of obsession. Gollum is by no means a general reflection of addicts, but conversely, we can characterize the character of Gollum with the help of current knowledge of addictive behaviors.
The Dopamine Trap: Gollum’s Addiction to the One Ring
The biological core of addiction lies in the brain’s reward system, specifically the neurotransmitter dopamine. When you engage in an activity from which you expect a reward—including drug use and gambling—dopamine is released into the brain’s motivation and reward pathways, reinforcing behavior. The One Ring acts as an external stimulus that hijacks Gollum’s reward and motivation system, creating a cycle of intense craving and dependence. Over time, his brain becomes programmed to put the Ring above all else, just as a substance addiction can take over basic survival instincts in humans.
The Prefrontal Cortex and Loss of Control
Addiction affects the prefrontal cortex, the brain region responsible for decision-making, impulse control, and rational thinking. In Gollum’s case, his ability to make logical decisions and resist temptation is severely weakened. His inner struggle between his Sméagol and Gollum personalities reflects the cognitive dissonance often seen in addiction—the struggle between the desire to quit and the overwhelming urge to continue.
Obsession and the Role of the Basal Ganglia
Gollum’s incessant fixation on the Ring suggests a form of obsessive-compulsive behavior, which is closely related to dysfunction in the basal ganglia. This brain area is involved in habit formation and the compulsive repetition of behaviors. His repetitive speech patterns, fixation on possession (“my precious“), and inability to focus on anything other than the Ring are hallmarks of obsessive thought patterns that occur in addiction and compulsive disorders.
Social isolation and psychological decline
Another important consequence of addiction is social withdrawal. Gollum’s prolonged isolation reflects the tendency of people struggling with addiction to isolate themselves from friends and family. Long-term social deprivation exacerbates his decline and emotional instability, deepening his psychological dependence on the Ring as his only source of comfort and identity.
Conclusion: A Cautionary Tale of Addiction
Gollum’s story serves as a dark allegory for the dangers of addiction and obsessive desires. His physical transformation—emaciated body, sunken eyes, and erratic behavior—mirrors the toll of long-term addiction on the human body and mind. Gollum is an archetype of severe dependence that completely occupies an individual. His tragic demise is a powerful reminder of the importance of balance, self-awareness, and the ability to break destructive cycles.
Credits
Author: Lucas Geelen
Buddy: Natalie Nielsen
Editor & Translation: Lucas Geelen
Image generated by Leonardo AI
